Catnip Effects on Cats: Understanding Their Behavior and Reactions

Discovering the Intriguing Effects of Catnip on Feline Behavior

Exploring Catnip: The Herb and Its Active Component

Catnip, known scientifically as Nepeta cataria, is a member of the mint family and is celebrated for its remarkable ability to elicit captivating responses from numerous cats. The enchanting reaction is primarily linked to its active ingredient, nepetalactone, found in the plant's leaves, stems, and seeds. When nepetalactone engages with a cat's olfactory receptors, it triggers a profound and varied response, which can greatly differ among individual felines, ensuring that each cat experiences its own unique delight.

As felines interact with catnip—whether through sniffing, chewing, or rolling in it—they frequently exhibit a spectrum of behaviors that are both entertaining and puzzling to their owners. These behaviors can encompass vocalizations like purring and meowing, playful rolling, and a multitude of charming antics. The effects of catnip can persist from a few minutes up to approximately 30 minutes, after which cats may temporarily lose interest in the herb. Interestingly, not every cat responds to catnip; sensitivity is inherited, with studies indicating that around 50-70% of felines show a favorable response to this delightful herb.

The influence of nepetalactone goes beyond mere entertainment; it significantly contributes to the overall health and wellness of cats. The euphoric sensations instigated by catnip can provoke playfulness and exploration, which are essential for sustaining a cat's mental and physical vitality. For cat owners aiming to enrich their feline companions' lives, it is vital to grasp what catnip is and how its active component functions to maximize its advantages.

Uncovering the Neuroscience Behind Catnip's Enchantment

The captivating effects of catnip can be traced back to its profound impact on a cat's neurological system. Upon inhalation of nepetalactone, it swiftly travels to the brain, activating neurons responsible for behavior control. This activation leads to a rush of neurochemicals, particularly dopamine, which plays a crucial role in the brain's reward system. The release of these pleasurable hormones results in the joyful and sometimes hyperactive behaviors that many cat owners frequently observe in their pets.

While the immediate effects of catnip are undeniably fascinating, the long-term implications on a cat’s behavior and mental well-being are equally important to consider. Regular engagement with catnip can invigorate a cat's natural instincts, promoting hunting behaviors and encouraging physical activity. This is particularly beneficial for indoor cats who may lack sufficient stimulation. Nevertheless, it's crucial to monitor the frequency of catnip exposure to prevent overstimulation, which could lead to irritability or even aggression in certain felines.

Continuing research is uncovering the complexities of how catnip influences various felines. Investigations suggest that the effects may not only vary among individual cats but also across different breeds. For example, specific breeds like Siamese and Abyssinians appear to be more responsive to catnip, while others exhibit minimal reaction. Current studies are focused on delving deeper into the neurological pathways involved and understanding how they contribute to the overall feline experience with this enchanting herb.

Understanding the Duration and Frequency of Catnip Reactions

Grasping the duration and frequency of a cat’s response to catnip is essential for responsible cat ownership. Generally, the effects of catnip last between 5 to 15 minutes after the initial exposure. Once these effects subside, cats may show temporary disinterest in catnip for about 30 minutes to two hours. This natural sensitivity cycle is crucial for maintaining a cat’s interest and preventing them from becoming desensitized to the effects of catnip.

For cat owners, the timing and moderation of catnip usage are significant factors. Frequent exposure can diminish its efficacy, as cats may become accustomed to its effects. It is generally recommended to limit exposure to once every few days, allowing cats to fully appreciate the stimulating benefits without risking boredom or overstimulation, which could lead to negative behavioral changes.

Observing your cat’s reactions to catnip can be instrumental in determining the optimal frequency for your furry friend. Some cats may display heightened enthusiasm, while others might respond more subtly. Tailoring catnip exposure to your cat’s individual preferences not only enhances their enjoyment but also enriches their overall well-being, striking a balance between stimulation and relaxation.

Analyzing the Effects of Catnip on Feline Behavior

The Amusing Behavior of Rolling and Rubbing in Catnip

One of the most entertaining and distinctive behaviors exhibited by cats under the influence of catnip is their propensity to roll and rub. This behavior often involves cats exuberantly rolling on the floor, rubbing their bodies against catnip-infused items, and even vocalizing with loud purring. But what drives cats to engage in these delightful actions?

Rolling and rubbing are instinctual behaviors that fulfill various purposes. Primarily, these actions allow cats to effectively scent-mark their territory. By rolling in catnip, cats not only indulge in the herb but also leave their unique scent on it, claiming it as part of their domain. This instinctive behavior harks back to their wild ancestors, who relied on scent for communication and to establish their presence.

Additionally, the act of rolling and rubbing provides a sensory experience that stimulates both physical and mental engagement. This playful behavior encourages physical exercise, which is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight and muscle tone. Furthermore, the euphoric sensations triggered by nepetalactone inspire cats to embrace their playful nature, leading to more interactive playtime and bonding opportunities with their human companions.

It is essential to supervise your cat during these joyful moments. While rolling and rubbing are generally harmless behaviors, excessive rolling can sometimes lead to skin irritations or injuries, especially if the surface is rough. Creating a safe environment for your cat to indulge in these behaviors ensures they can fully enjoy the delightful effects of catnip without facing any adverse outcomes.

Enhancing Playfulness with Catnip

Another remarkable effect of catnip on cats is the significant boost in playfulness. When cats encounter catnip, their natural instincts often intensify, resulting in surges of energy and enthusiasm. This heightened playfulness can manifest in various behaviors, including chasing toys, pouncing, and engaging in mock hunts—activities that are vital for their overall physical and mental health.

The stimulating effects of catnip can transform a lethargic cat into an agile and playful companion. For indoor cats, who may lack the same stimuli as their outdoor counterparts, catnip serves as a valuable tool for fostering active play. Providing catnip-infused toys can significantly enhance playtime, enabling cats to engage in their natural behaviors that support exercise and mental stimulation.

It is important to recognize that an increase in playfulness is not solely about physical activity. Engaging in play also helps alleviate stress levels and improves a cat’s mood, making it a crucial aspect of feline well-being. For cat owners, incorporating catnip into playtime can strengthen the bond between you and your feline friend. The shared enjoyment of playful antics fosters a more enriched relationship, as your cat associates fun and joy with your presence.

However, while the increased playfulness is generally advantageous, ensuring a safe environment for your cat to explore is paramount. Securing toys and ensuring they are free from small parts that could pose a choking hazard is essential. With the right precautions, catnip can be a magical addition to your cat’s playtime routine, enhancing their happiness and overall well-being.

Providing Calming Effects of Catnip for Anxious Cats

Although catnip is commonly associated with heightened playfulness and excitement, it also possesses potential calming effects for anxious or stressed cats. The ability of nepetalactone to evoke feelings of euphoria can translate into relaxation for certain cats, providing a soothing effect during stressful situations.

Many cat owners have found that introducing catnip during times of anxiety—such as thunderstorms or trips to the veterinarian—can help alleviate their cat’s nervousness. The natural properties of the herb can promote a sense of well-being, making it easier for cats to cope with stressful stimuli. This duality—acting as both a stimulant and a calming agent—makes catnip a versatile addition to a cat owner’s toolkit.

Beyond the immediate calming effects, regular exposure to catnip can contribute to a more balanced emotional state over time. Cats that frequently interact with catnip may develop greater resilience to stressors, as the herb helps cultivate positive associations with their surroundings. This is especially beneficial in multi-cat households, where competition for resources can lead to stress and tension.

To harness the calming properties of catnip, consider creating a designated space where your cat can enjoy the herb in peace. Whether it’s a cozy corner filled with catnip-infused toys or a scratching post sprinkled with dried catnip, providing a tranquil environment allows your cat to relax and unwind, significantly enhancing their quality of life.

Practical Applications of Catnip for Cats

Leveraging Catnip in Training Sessions

Incorporating catnip into training routines can be an exceptionally effective strategy for reinforcing desired behaviors in your feline companion. The allure of catnip serves as a powerful motivator, transforming training sessions into enjoyable experiences for both you and your cat.

When introducing catnip as a reward, timing is essential. It’s best to offer it immediately after positive behaviors occur, so your cat associates the behavior with the pleasurable experience of catnip. For instance, if you aim to teach your cat to use a scratching post instead of the furniture, sprinkling some catnip on the post can serve as an enticing lure. This positive reinforcement encourages them to engage with the scratching post more frequently.

Additionally, catnip can transform training sessions from mundane tasks into enjoyable games. By incorporating play with catnip into your training routine, you can elevate your cat’s motivation to learn. Using catnip during clicker training or to encourage your cat to perform tricks can enhance their focus and willingness to participate.

It’s crucial to monitor your cat’s reactions during training sessions involving catnip. Some cats may become overly excited and lose focus, complicating effective training. Adjust the amount of catnip used based on your cat’s temperament and energy levels, ensuring that training remains a positive experience.

Choosing the Best Catnip Toys and Accessories

Selecting the right catnip-infused toys and accessories can greatly enhance your cat’s enjoyment and interaction with the herb. The market offers a wide variety of options, ranging from plush toys filled with dried catnip to sprayable catnip for your existing toys. Understanding the different types of products available will assist you in choosing the best ones for your feline friend.

One popular option is catnip pillows or stuffed toys, designed for cuddling, rolling, and playful enjoyment. These toys can pique your cat’s curiosity and prompt them to engage in playful behaviors. Look for toys that are well-made and crafted from safe materials, ensuring they can withstand the enthusiastic play that typically accompanies catnip enjoyment.

Another excellent choice is catnip sprays, which can refresh worn-out toys or even furniture. Spraying catnip on scratching posts or climbing structures can entice your cat to use them more frequently, redirecting their energy toward appropriate activities.

When introducing new catnip products, observe your cat’s reactions and preferences. Some cats may prefer specific textures or types of toys, while others may show indifference. By tailoring your selections to your cat’s unique tastes, you can maximize their enjoyment of catnip and create a more stimulating environment.

Managing Catnip Use in Multi-Cat Households

Overseeing catnip consumption in multi-cat households can present unique challenges. While some cats may revel in the effects of catnip, others might become territorial or aggressive when competing for access to it. Understanding how to navigate these dynamics is essential for maintaining harmony among your feline companions.

One effective strategy is to introduce catnip in a controlled manner. Rather than providing a large quantity of catnip simultaneously, consider offering it to each cat individually, allowing them to relish the herb without feeling threatened by their housemates. This approach can reduce competition and foster a more positive experience for all cats involved.

Moreover, consider rotating catnip toys or accessories to keep each cat engaged without overwhelming them. By allowing cats to experience catnip at different times, you can ensure that each cat has an opportunity to enjoy the effects without conflict.

It’s also essential to monitor your cats’ reactions during these sessions. If one cat tends to dominate the catnip experience, it may be necessary to establish boundaries and guarantee that all cats have equal chances to enjoy their time with the herb. This approach not only promotes a peaceful environment but also enriches their lives by allowing each cat to experience the delightful effects of catnip without stress or anxiety.

Health and Safety Considerations for Catnip Use in Cats

Evaluating the Safety of Catnip for Your Feline

While catnip is generally considered safe for most felines, it’s crucial to recognize that not all cats will respond positively to it. Some cats might experience mild gastrointestinal upset if they consume excessive amounts of catnip, while others may have no adverse effects whatsoever. This variability underscores the importance of moderation when incorporating catnip into your cat’s routine.

Kittens younger than three to six months typically do not display sensitivity to catnip, as they have not yet developed the necessary receptors that respond to the herb. Furthermore, certain medical conditions or medications may affect a cat’s reaction to catnip. It is advisable to consult with your veterinarian before introducing catnip, particularly for older cats or those with existing health issues.

Monitoring your cat’s behavior after exposure to catnip is vital. If you observe any signs of distress, such as excessive vocalizations, aggressive behavior, or vomiting, it may suggest that catnip is not suitable for your cat. In such cases, discontinuing use and seeking advice from your veterinarian can help ensure your cat’s health and well-being.

Identifying the Risks of Catnip Overuse

Although catnip can provide enjoyable experiences for felines, overexposure may lead to overstimulation. Signs of overstimulation can include hyperactivity, aggression, or a temporary loss of interest in play. It is crucial for cat owners to recognize these signs and adjust the frequency and amount of catnip offered accordingly.

To prevent overstimulation, it is advisable to limit catnip exposure to once every few days. This interval allows your cat to fully enjoy the herb without becoming desensitized to its effects. Additionally, providing a calm and quiet environment after a catnip session can assist your cat in regaining composure.

If a cat becomes overly excited or aggressive during a catnip session, it may be beneficial to remove the source of catnip and allow them to relax in a serene space. This strategy ensures that your cat can enjoy the stimulating effects of catnip while maintaining a balanced emotional state.

In conclusion, recognizing the signs of overuse and adjusting exposure as necessary is vital for cultivating a healthy relationship with catnip. By practicing moderation and mindfulness, you can ensure that your cat enjoys the benefits of catnip without potential drawbacks.

Considering Alternative Options to Catnip for Your Feline Friend

While catnip is beloved by many felines, it’s important to explore alternatives for those cats who may not respond to it or require different types of stimulation. Fortunately, several other herbs and plants can evoke similar reactions in cats, offering exciting new avenues for play and enjoyment.

One popular alternative is silver vine (also known as Actinidia polygama), which has been shown to elicit playful behaviors in cats that do not react to catnip. Its unique compounds can provide a delightful experience, making it an excellent addition to a cat’s toy collection.

Another option is valerian root, which can produce calming effects in some cats while still promoting playful behaviors. The terpenoids found in valerian root can create a euphoric sensation similar to that of catnip, making it a valuable alternative for cats who may not enjoy catnip.

In addition to these herbs, many commercial cat toys now incorporate a mix of enticing scents, including catnip, silver vine, and valerian root. Experimenting with these alternatives can provide new experiences for your cat, enriching their environment and enhancing their overall well-being.

In summary, while catnip is a cherished herb for many cats, exploring alternatives can offer additional stimulation and enjoyment for those who may not respond to traditional catnip products.

Comprehending Age and Breed Influences on Catnip Responses

Introducing Kittens to the Wonders of Catnip

A frequent question among cat owners is when kittens can start experiencing the delightful effects of catnip. Typically, the ability to respond to catnip develops around three to six months of age. Before reaching this age, kittens generally lack the essential receptors needed to react to the active compound, nepetalactone.

When introducing catnip to kittens, it should be done thoughtfully. It’s advisable to wait until they reach the appropriate age to ensure they can safely enjoy the herb without adverse reactions. Once your kitten reaches the right age, offering small amounts of catnip can encourage playfulness and stimulate their natural hunting instincts.

For initial introductions, consider using toys infused with catnip rather than providing it in its raw form. This approach allows for controlled exposure and promotes interactive play. Observing your kitten’s reactions can provide valuable insights into their preferences and help you assess their sensitivity to catnip.

As your kitten grows, catnip can play a significant role in their development. The excitement and stimulation derived from catnip can foster healthy play behaviors, which are essential for their physical and mental growth. By incorporating catnip into their playtime, you can enhance their overall well-being and nurture a strong bond between you and your feline companion.

Senior Cats and Their Interaction with Catnip

The effects of catnip can significantly vary in senior cats compared to their younger counterparts. As cats age, their sensitivity to catnip may diminish due to changes in their neurological systems. While some senior cats still respond positively to catnip, others may exhibit little to no interest.

Introducing catnip to senior cats can be beneficial, but it’s essential to approach it with caution. Offering small amounts of catnip can help stimulate their playfulness and encourage physical activity, which is crucial for maintaining their overall health. However, it’s important to closely monitor their reactions to ensure they do not become overstimulated or anxious.

For senior cats who may not react to catnip, exploring alternatives such as silver vine or valerian root can provide new avenues for stimulation. These alternatives may provoke playful behaviors in older cats who have grown indifferent to catnip.

Overall, while senior cats may not experience the same excitement from catnip as they did in their younger years, offering it as an enrichment tool can still positively impact their quality of life. Engaging them in gentle play and providing opportunities for stimulation are essential for their happiness and well-being.

Recognizing Breed-Specific Variations in Catnip Sensitivity

Interestingly, the response to catnip can also differ among various cat breeds. Research indicates that certain breeds may be more or less sensitive to catnip, leading to intriguing behavioral variations. For example, breeds such as Siamese, Burmese, and Abyssinians are known to exhibit heightened reactions to catnip, often engaging in playful antics and displaying enthusiasm.

Conversely, some breeds, like the Russian Blue and the Scottish Fold, may show minimal interest in catnip. This variation in sensitivity is thought to be largely hereditary, as the ability to respond to catnip is linked to genetic factors. For cat owners, understanding their cat’s breed-specific traits can offer valuable insights into their potential reactions to catnip.

For those with cats who are less responsive to catnip, it may be beneficial to explore alternatives that can provide similar stimulation. Experimenting with different herbs and toys can help identify what works best for your feline friend. By customizing your approach to their unique preferences, you can enhance their playtime experience and overall well-being.

In conclusion, acknowledging the breed-specific variations in catnip sensitivity can guide cat owners in providing the best possible experiences for their pets. By understanding your cat’s individual traits and preferences, you can ensure they enjoy the enriching effects of catnip or suitable alternatives.

Clarifying Misunderstandings and Insights About Catnip

Understanding Catnip: Does It Induce a “High” in Cats?

A prevalent myth surrounding catnip is that it induces a “high” in cats, resembling the effects of recreational drugs in humans. However, this misconception misrepresents the true nature of catnip‘s impact on felines. Rather than causing intoxication, catnip stimulates a natural behavioral response that is deeply ingrained in a cat’s instincts.

When cats encounter nepetalactone, they experience heightened sensations of playfulness and euphoria, leading to increased activity and excitement. This reaction is purely physiological and does not result in any harmful effects or dependency. Understanding this distinction is essential for cat owners, as it reassures them of catnip‘s safety and emphasizes its role as a beneficial tool for enrichment.

In summary, while catnip does elicit a euphoric response in many cats, it is not comparable to the experience of a drug high. Instead, it enhances their natural instincts and encourages playful behavior, promoting overall well-being without the risks associated with substance use.

The Human Perspective: Can People Benefit from Catnip as Well?

Curiosity often arises regarding whether humans can partake in the effects of catnip. While catnip is primarily recognized for its impact on cats, it has also been utilized in herbal medicine for humans for centuries. In fact, catnip has traditionally been valued for its calming properties.

Human consumption of catnip is generally safe and can be enjoyed in various forms, such as teas or tinctures. The herb is believed to possess mild sedative effects, which may aid in relaxation and sleep. However, it is vital to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating catnip into your wellness routine, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications.

While catnip may not provide the same euphoric experience for humans as it does for cats, its calming properties can be beneficial for those seeking natural remedies for stress or anxiety.

In conclusion, although catnip is primarily associated with feline behavior, it does offer potential benefits for humans, making it a versatile herb worth exploring.

Dispelling the Myth of Catnip Addiction

Another common myth is the belief that cats can become addicted to catnip. This misunderstanding often arises from the intense reactions some felines exhibit when exposed to the herb. However, the reality is quite different: cats do not develop a dependency on catnip in the same way that humans can become addicted to substances.

The effects of catnip are temporary, lasting for a brief period before cats return to their baseline state. After experiencing the effects, cats typically lose interest in catnip for a while, demonstrating that their response is not indicative of addiction but rather a natural reaction to the herb.

To ensure your cat enjoys catnip safely, it is crucial to practice moderation. Limiting exposure to every few days allows your feline friend to relish the delightful effects without becoming desensitized. By maintaining this balance, you can provide enriching experiences for your cat while avoiding any misconceptions about addiction.

In summary, while cats may display enthusiastic responses to catnip, it is essential to recognize that their reactions are not indicative of addiction. Instead, they reflect their natural instincts and enjoyment of the herb, making it a safe and beneficial addition to their routine when used responsibly.

Enhancing Your Cat’s Life with Catnip

Creating Your Own Catnip Garden for Enrichment

For cat owners seeking to enrich their feline companions’ lives, growing a catnip garden can be both a delightful and rewarding endeavor. Not only does cultivating your own catnip provide a continuous supply of the herb, but it also presents an engaging way for your cat to explore and interact with their environment.

When establishing a catnip garden, choose a sunny location with well-draining soil. Catnip is a resilient perennial that thrives in various conditions, making it an excellent option for most gardeners. Planting seeds or seedlings is straightforward, and with proper care, you’ll soon have an abundance of catnip for your feline friend to enjoy.

Encouraging your cat to explore the garden can also provide mental stimulation. Allowing them to sniff, nibble, and play in the garden promotes natural behaviors and enhances their overall well-being. Just ensure that any other plants in the garden are safe for cats, as some common garden plants can be toxic.

Regularly harvesting and drying your homegrown catnip enables you to create toys and treats for your cat, enriching their playtime experience. This hands-on approach not only enhances your cat‘s life but also strengthens the bond between you and your feline companion, making it a fulfilling endeavor for both.

Crafting Custom DIY Catnip Toys

Making your own catnip toys can be a fun and gratifying activity that allows you to personalize playtime for your feline friend. Creating DIY catnip toys is not only budget-friendly but also provides a unique opportunity to tailor the toys to your cat’s individual preferences.

Simple projects, such as sewing small fabric pouches filled with dried catnip, can yield engaging toys that your cat will love. Alternatively, you can repurpose old socks or fabric scraps by filling them with catnip and securely tying them off. This not only gives your cat a new toy to enjoy but also contributes to reducing waste.

Incorporating various textures and shapes into your DIY toys can heighten your cat’s sensory experience. For instance, using crinkly materials or dangling strings can add an extra layer of excitement, encouraging your cat to engage in playful behaviors. Regularly rotating the toys can help maintain your cat’s interest and ensure they stay engaged and stimulated.

By crafting your own catnip toys, you can create a personalized play experience for your cat, enhancing their enjoyment and overall well-being. This hands-on approach also allows you to bond with your feline friend while providing them with engaging, interactive play.

Using Catnip to Strengthen Your Bond with Your Cat

Utilizing catnip as a bonding tool with your feline companion can significantly enhance your relationship and create positive shared experiences. The playful and stimulating effects of catnip offer an excellent opportunity for interactive play, fostering a deeper connection between you and your cat.

Participating in playtime with catnip-infused toys not only provides entertainment but also encourages trust and communication. When you engage in your cat’s play, they learn to associate you with enjoyable experiences, thereby strengthening your bond. This shared time is crucial for building a strong relationship, as it allows your cat to feel secure and cherished.

Moreover, integrating catnip into training sessions can further enrich your bond. Rewarding your cat with catnip for positive behaviors cultivates a sense of teamwork and cooperation, reinforcing the idea that you are working together towards a common goal. This dynamic can lead to a more harmonious living environment and a happier, more confident feline.

In summary, using catnip to promote bonding and interaction is a wonderful way to enhance your cat’s life. By creating positive experiences through play and training, you can develop a deep and lasting relationship with your feline friend.

Addressing Common Questions About Catnip and Its Effects on Felines

What is the Best Way to Introduce Catnip to My Cat?

Introduce catnip gradually by providing a small amount in a toy or scratching post. Observe your cat’s reaction and adjust exposure based on their comfort level, ensuring a positive experience.

Can Catnip Aid in Managing Behavioral Issues in Cats?

Yes, catnip can potentially help with behavioral issues by promoting playfulness and reducing anxiety. However, it’s essential to monitor your cat’s reactions and consult a veterinarian for persistent problems.

Where Can I Find Quality Catnip for My Cat?

Look for high-quality, organic catnip from reputable pet stores or online retailers. Ensure it is free from additives or chemicals to provide the safest experience for your cat.

Is Catnip Safe for Kittens?

Kittens typically do not respond to catnip until they are around 3-6 months old. Once they reach that age, introducing small amounts can be safe and enjoyable for them.

Do All Cats Enjoy Catnip?

Not all cats respond to catnip; sensitivity is genetic. Approximately 50-70% of cats exhibit reactions, while others may show little to no interest.

How Often Can I Offer Catnip to My Cat?

It’s advisable to limit catnip exposure to every few days to prevent desensitization and ensure your cat continues to enjoy its effects.

Is Catnip Harmful to My Cat?

Generally, catnip is safe for cats. However, overconsumption may result in mild gastrointestinal upset. Moderation is key to ensuring your cat’s well-being.

Can Catnip Help Calm My Anxious Cat?

Yes, catnip can have calming effects for some cats, especially when used in stressful situations, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.

What Are Some Alternatives to Catnip?

Alternatives to catnip include silver vine and valerian root, which can elicit similar playful reactions in cats who do not respond to catnip.

How Long Do the Effects of Catnip Last?

The effects of catnip typically last between 5 to 15 minutes, after which cats may lose interest temporarily, often for about 30 minutes to two hours.

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The Article : Catnip Effects on Cats: A Comprehensive Overview Appeared First On Unity Pets.